Basalt

Classification：Igneous Rock

The common dark igneous rocks, composed of calcareous plagioclase, monoclinopyroxene and iron ore, may also contain olivine, quartz, hornblende, nepheline, and dolomite, which are the main components of the oceanic crust.

Basalt is an igneous rock formed by the eruption of underground magma from volcanoes or from surface fissure. According to its composition, Basalt can be divided into Basalt, alkaline Basalt and high aluminum Basalt. According to its structure, it can be divided into stomatal Basalt, almond shaped Basalt and basaltic glass, which can be divided into olive Basalt, perilla pyroxene Basalt, etc. according to their filling minerals. The Basalt, which is not weathered, is black or dark green and dense rock. Because of its condensation, it produces six square crystal joints and has been weathered to form a six square columnar. The weathering can form a yellowish basaltic soil. If it is further leached by rain, the silica is removed to form a bauxite. Some Basalt pores are also filled with minerals such as copper, cobalt and sulfur.

Brief introduction:
The main components of Basalt are sodium aluminosilicate or calcium aluminosilicate. The content of silica is about 45%-52%, and it also contains high iron oxide and Magnesium Oxide. It is a fine, dense black rock. Due to the large number of stomata produced during eruption, sometimes it is macroporous, such as amygdaloid structure. Later, it is often filled with other minerals. Basalt magma is small in viscosity and easy to flow, forming a large overburden layer. It often forms vast lava terraces, so it is widely distributed. The color of Basalt is mostly black, dark brown or dark green. Due to its dense texture, its specific gravity is heavier than that of general granite, limestone, Sha Yan and shale. But there are also some Basalt because of the large number of pores, the weight will be reduced, and even float in water. Therefore, we call this porous body light Basalt "pumice".
The Basalt, which is not weathered, is black or dark green and dense rock. Because of its condensation, it produces six square crystal joints and is weathered to form a six square column. The severe weathering can form a yellow brown basaltic soil. If further leaching of the rain, the silica can be removed to form a bauxite. Some Basalt pores are also filled with minerals such as copper, cobalt and sulfur. Due to the small viscosity of Basalt melt condensation, hard and compact, so can make stone material.
component
The main minerals of Basalt are calcium rich clinopyroxene and basic plagioclase; secondary minerals are olivine, plagioclase, Mutagene, iron titanium oxide, alkaline feldspar, quartz or perorite, zeolite, amphibole, mica, apatite, zircon, iron spinel, sulfide and graphite.
vanadium
Basalt contains mineral components vanadium. Because it has a certain effect on diabetes, the mineral water called vanadium containing water attracts much attention. The vanadium dissolved in minerals in the Basalt layer creates vanadium containing water in mountain precipitation or snowfall. Mt Fuji, Japan, is made up of Basalt level. Natural water rich in mineral and vanadium is being collected.

Classification:
1. The structure is different
Basalt can be divided into patch Basalt, alkaline Basalt and high aluminum Basalt according to their components.
According to their structure, they can be divided into stomatal Basalt, almond Basalt and basalt glass.

2. Filling minerals are different
According to their mineral filling, they can be divided into olive Basalt and xperite Basalt.

3, SiO2 saturation degree is different
According to the degree of SiO2 saturation and the strength of alkalinity, Basalt is divided into two main categories: (1) Basalt (subalkaline Basalt), which is SiO2 supersaturated or saturated. Does not contain olivine and nepheline, with orthopyroxene, pigeonite characteristics. The relationship between SiO2 and total alkalinity is (Na2O+K2O) / (SiO2-39) value less than 0.37.
2, alkaline Basalt, SiO2 unsaturated, alkali rich. With olivine and accessory feldspar (such as nepheline) and zeolite, the latter two minerals, sometimes associated with alkaline feldspar or potash feldspar and potash feldspar, are found in the matrix, not containing trapezite and albite, containing only calcium rich monoclinopyroxene, that is, diopto pyroxene common pyroxene. The value of (Na2O+K2O) / (SiO2-39) is greater than 0.37.

2, the structural environment of the output is different
According to the structural environment of output, Basalt is divided into 4 kinds:
(1) Basalt developed in the ocean ridge of the deep sea. Approximately 1.5 * 1010 tons per year from the ocean ridges are gushed from the ocean ridges, belonging to the Basalt of the pulla, so it is also known as the deep sea spot Basalt. The low content of K2O, TiO2, all iron and P2O5, and the high content of CaO are different from other Basalt. Because of the expansion of the sea floor, the deep-sea tholeik Basalt from oceanic ridge is the main component of oceanic crust.
(2) the Basalt of the islands and seamounts in the Yu Yang basin. It is generally composed of Basalt and alkaline Basalt, and its genesis may be related to the activity of the upper mantle.
3. Basalt developed on island arc and active continental margin. Generally, the one side and early development of the near deep trenches are Basalt, large and widely distributed, and may be part of the zebra porphyry series. In the direction of the continent, the alkali content increases, which is alkaline Basalt, but it can also be associated with the Basalt. They form at the last stage or after the island arc and orogenic activities. It is usually small and scattered. The so-called high aluminum Basalt and Symbiontic andesite, dacite and rhyolite appear in the middle stage of island arc and orogenic belt. The Basalt of the late Archean greenstone belt may be equivalent to the Basalt of the Cenozoic island arc in composition and occurrence.
(4) Basalt in the interior of the continent. It includes large scale flow pan Basalt and a small amount of alkaline Basalt, which are mixed by continental crust and granitic material.

Structure:
The degree of crystallization and grain size of Basalt depend mainly on the cooling rate of magma. Slow cooling (such as a few degrees of cooling per day) can produce a few millimeter size and large crystals, and rapid cooling (such as cooling 100 degrees centigrade per minute) can produce fine needle like, plate crystal, or amorphous glass. Therefore, under the surface conditions, Basalt usually has fine grain to crypto crystalline or vitreous structure, and a few of them are medium grain structure. Often contain olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase porphyritic structure form Shi Banjing. Phenocrysts can be aggregated in flowing magma, called polyplaque structure. These phenocrysts formed in the process of Basalt slurry rising through the earth's crust, which lasted for a few months to a few hours, and could also form in the huge magma source before eruption. The matrix structure changes greatly. With the thickness of the rock flow, the speed of cooling and the amount of volatile components, there are various transition types between the whole crystal and the glass matter, but mainly intergranular structure, interfilling structure, interlocking structure, less glowing and green structure.
The structure of Basalt is related to its consolidation environment. The Basalt formed on land is usually called rope structure, block structure and columnar joint. The Basalt formed under water is usually pillow shaped. Stomatal structure and almond structure may occur in all kinds of Basalt.
In explosive volcanic activity, the hot basaltic lava erupted out of the fire and formed a different shape of volcanic projectile with the difference of the degree of pre consolidation: the spindle shaped volcano, the jough shaped volcano, the irregular volcano, and the cow dung, cake, straw hat, snake like and flat splash lava.

Change:
Basalt changes under the action of water and heat. The most easily changed is olivine, followed by pyroxene and plagioclase. Basalt glass is usually affected by late hydrothermal hydrothermal gas and changed to water rich orange glass (the highest water content is 35%).
Basalt can be changed into brown brown basalt by weathering. If SiO2 is leached, the mixture of residual aluminum ore and iron oxide can form bauxite.

Distribution:
Basalt is widely distributed across all oceans and continents. They are mainly derived from rocks and rocks, and are often accompanied by some basaltic pyroclastic rocks. A few Basalt dikes and sills, rock strain or other forms of shallow intrusions.
Jingpo Hubei has a waterfall and wavy shape; Yinggeling has a round steamed buns and a pagoda, and between Bohai and Sha LAN, it is a Python and a lava tunnel. The geology and geomorphology are various and colorful. Shandong Yishui District in Shandong, a wave - like distribution of the whole township of 35 square kilometers, 350 billion tons of Basalt reserves, Shandong Pingyi county also has a large number of good quality Basalt.

The appearance of production:

The production of Basalt is manifested in two kinds of eruptions:
1, fissured eruption
A large area of flooding Basalt is often made up, and the fractured eruption channel is often shown as a group of rock walls similar to the components of the Basalt, but they are often buried by the later rock flow and are not easily found. The large area distribution of Emei Mountain Basalt in southwestern China is a case. It is formed in the Late Permian, with an area of about 260 thousand square kilometers, a general thickness of 600~1500 meters, and the thickest part of the west to more than 3000 meters. It belongs to the type Basalt of La spot, which is significantly rich in TiO2. In flooding Basalt, the average thickness of individual rock is about 10~100 meters, and the flow distance can reach more than 100~150 kilometers. The Basalt of a region is usually formed by several times or dozens of times of eruption. The intervals between eruptions can be long and short, and some of them are hundreds of thousands of years.
2. Central eruption
It forms Basalt volcanic cone and its adjacent lava flow and pyroclastic rocks. The eastern part of China, north of Heilongjiang and south to Hainan Island, is a complex rock area with basic Basalt and Basalt spot. It erupts in the Cenozoic, mainly with central eruption, with hundreds of volcanic cones, especially Heilongjiang Jilin, Inner Mongolia plateau, Jining - Datong, Nanjing, Yunnan Tengchong, and Guangzhou. East Lei Qiong area and Taiwan are rich.

Cause:
Basalt is a dense or foam like rock solidified by the cooling of volcanic magma. It is inferred that the Basalt pulp of Hawaii and Kamchatka, in the United States, is directly from the depths of 60~90 kilometers underground and often carries a deep source xenoliths that are approximately the basic composition of the upper mantle, the composition of the two pyroxene peridotite. Therefore, the Basalt pulp originates from the upper mantle. By using the upper mantle rock xenoliths captured by Basalt, the melting experiments show that Basalt slurry can be partially melted by two pyroxenic rocks.
Basalt belongs to magmatic rock (also known as Huo Chengyan) in geological classification of rocks. Two kinds of magmatic rocks are intrusive rocks and eruptive rocks. The intrusive rocks are subterranean magma invading the upper part of the crust under internal force, and the rock layer is cooled and solidified to form rock. Its mineral crystals are larger and represent granite. The eruption rock is under the internal force of the underground magma, and it is formed by the condensation of the surface along the weak crust of the earth crust to form the rock. Its mineral crystals are fine, some have the flow pattern or the stomatal structure, representing the rock is Basalt.
The magma temperature of the eruption is up to one thousand and two hundred Baidu. With a certain viscosity, the magma flows slowly when the ground is flat, and the flow is only a few meters per minute, and the speed is greatly accelerated when it meets the steep slope. During its flow, it carries a lot of water vapor and bubbles. After cooling, it forms various variant shapes, [2].

Effect：
Basalt, is a good raw material for the production of stone. "Stone" is Basalt after melting and casting, annealing and crystallization process of materials. It is harder and more wear-resistant than alloy steel, and is more resistant to corrosion than lead and rubber. Basalt is also a lubricant in the advanced technology of cast steel, which can prolong the service life of casting film. At the same time, Basalt also can be pumped into glass fiber, glass fiber cloth than alkali resistance, high temperature resistant performance is good.
The multi hole Basalt (Fu Shi), because it has many holes and is quite hard, so it is mixed in concrete to reduce the weight of concrete, but it is still strong, and has the characteristics of sound insulation, insulation and so on. It is a good aggregate of light concrete in high building. Pumice is also a good abrasive material, which can be used to grind metal and stone. In industry, filters, desiccator and catalyst can also be made.
Basalt is the best material to repair the road, railway and airport runway. It has the advantages of strong compression, low crushing value, strong corrosion resistance, asphalt adherent basalt, low water consumption, poor electrical conductivity, low crushing value, strong corrosion resistance and adhesive bitumen adhesion. International recognition is the best cornerstone for developing railway transportation and highway transportation.
Some artists are based on the characteristics of pumice porous and wrinkled and leaky. It is used to build rockery in gardens, or to carve small and exquisite bonsai.

Relevant information:
The moon Basalt is one of the major rocks that form the moon. The Rock Springs, formed about 200 kilometers from the outer layer of the moon, have been erupted (at least 5 times) at the moon (about 1050 degrees centigrade). It is the youngest Rock on the moon. It was formed in the 3 billion 300 million ~ 3 billion 700 million years ago. It is almost the earth's oldest rock. The moon Basalt is fine and porous, mainly composed of pyroxene, plagioclase and ilmenite. The content of pyroxene is about 50% ~ 59%, and that of ordinary pyroxene is more than that of variable pyroxene. The plagioclase is about 20% to 29%, which is feldspar or calcium feldspar. Ilmenite content is about 10% ~ 18%. Secondary minerals are olivine, chromite - titanium spinel, meteorite iron, iron, Fang Yingshi, Jin Hongshi, apatite, white phosphite, copper, mica, nickel pyrite and some unidentified minerals. The chemical composition of Basalt of the moon is changed greatly, especially Al2O3 and FeO, which vary from 7% to 25% and 5% to 25% respectively, which are characterized by poor silicon, titanium rich and iron.
In October 31, 2012, the Mars Rover "curiosity" has completed the initial experiments on soil mineralogy of Mars. The results show that the soil of Mars is similar to the weathered Basalt soil around the volcanic source of Hawaii. [3]
Basalt excellent compression resistance, good wear resistance and low water absorption, it is also a very good building decoration material, can be widely used in indoor and outdoor decoration, and mainly used as outdoor stone, its colors are natural, and can be well coordinated with the landscape, especially suitable for outdoor landscape construction, especially The best choice of the stone floor. However, as the Basalt introduced in front of the six party columnar joints, and easy to crisp, so the stone waste is generally not large, the lack of large material, not easy to produce large specifications sheet.
High use temperature: the temperature range of Basalt fiber is from -260 C to 880 C, which is far higher than polyacrylic fiber, aramid fiber, E glass fiber, asbestos, rock wool and stainless steel. It is close to silicon fiber, aluminum silicate fiber and ceramic fiber.